EPA also replaced the previous secondary standard (to protect the environment, including agricultural crops, national parks, and forests) with a standard identical to the new primary standard. The 0.12 ppm 1-hour standard will not be revoked in a given area, until that area has achieved three consecutive years of air quality data meeting the 1-hour standard. The purpose of retaining the current 1-hour standard is to ensure a smooth, legal, and practical transition to the new standard.
Based on recent studies, the scientific review highlighted several health effects in which the previous ozone standard did not provide adequate protection. Exposure to ambient ozone concentrations has been linked to increased hospital admissions for respiratory ailments, such as asthma. Studies conducted in the norteastern United States and Canada show that ozone air pollution is associated with 10-20 percent of all summertime respiratory-related hospital admissions. Repeated exposure to ozone can make people more susceptible to respiratory infection, lung inflammation, and can aggravate preexisting respiratory diseases, such as asthma.
Children are most at risk to ozone exposure because they are active outside playing and exercising during the summertime when ozone levels are at their highest. For example, summer camp studies in the eastern U.S. and southeastern Canada have reported significant reduction in lung function of children active outdoors. Adults who are outdoors and moderately active during the summer months, such as construction workers and other outdoor workers, are also among those most at risk. These individuals, as well as those with respiratory illnesses, such as asthma, can experience a reduction in lung function. They also can experience increased respiratory symptoms, such as chest pain and cough, when exposed to relatively low ozone levels during periods of moderate exertion. Long-term exposure to ozone can cause repeated inflammation of the lung structure, which can lead to premature aging of the lungs and/or chronic respiratory illnesses such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
The scientific review also highlighted concerns associated with ozone effects on vegetation, for which the previous ozone standard did not provide adequate protection. These concerns include reduction in agricultural and comercial forest yields, reduced growth and decreased survivability of tree seedlings, increased tree and plant susceptibility to disease, pests, and other environmental stresses, and potential long-term effects on forests and ecosystems.
Tables five and six, show 1996 and 1997 summaries of 8-hour ozone concentration information for New England. Unlike the 1-hour ozone statistics shown in the section on ambient air quality data, in both 1996 and 1997 all New England states recorded days above the new 8-hour ozone standard. The hot, dry summer of 1997 produced more days over the 8-hour standard then the coller wetter summer of 1996. In Connecticut in 1997, Madison reported the most days over the standard. Madison reported nineteen days over the standard and a maximum 8-hour average of 0.151 ppm. In 1996, Madison only had eight days over the standard with a maximum of 0.107 ppm ozone.
In 1997, Navy Road in Sagadahoc County ws the Maine site that had the most days over the standard with seven and a high day of 0.116 ppm. In 1996, this site reported four days over the standard with a maximum daily 8-hour value of 0.097 ppm ozone. In MA, Truro was the highest reporting station in 1996 and 1997. Truro reported seventeen days over the standard in 1997 and eight days over in 1996. In NH, Manchester reported three days above the standard in 1997 and four days in 1996. Vermont reported the fewest days above the standard, with the Bennington station reporting two days over the standard in 1997 and three in 1996.
Connecticut 1996 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
090010017442011 | Greenwich | Fairfield | Greenwich Point Park | 7 | 0.104 | 0.099 |
090010113442011 | Bridgeport | Fairfield | Shed Congress Street | 0 | 0.082 | 0.081 |
090011123442011 | Danbury | Fairfield | Trailer, W. Connecticut State University | 1 | 0.085 | 0.084 |
090013007442011 | Stratford | Fairfield | USCG Ligthouse Prospect Street | 9 | 0.107 | 0.097 |
090019003442011 | Westport | Fairfield | Sherwood Island State Park | 8 | 0.111 | 0.108 |
009031003442011 | East Hartford | Hartford | McAuliffee Park | 0 | 0.081 | 0.079 |
090050006442011 | Torrington | Litchfield | University Road | 4 | 0.096 | 0.096 |
090070007442011 | Middletown | Middlesex | Conn. Valley Hosp. Shew Hall Eastern | 5 | 0.096 | 0.092 |
090091123442011 | New Haven | New Haven | 715 State Street | 2 | 0.088 | 0.088 |
090093002442011 | Madison | New Haven | Hammonasset State Park | 8 | 0.107 | 0.103 |
090110008442011 | Groton | New London | University of Connecticut, Avery Point | 6 | 0.120 | 0.098 |
090131001442011 | Stafford | Tolland | Route 190, Shenipsit State Forest | 1 | 0.100 | 0.084 |
090158001442011 | Abington | Windham | Ayers Road | 3 | 0.098 | 0.091 |
Maine 1996 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
230052003442011 | Cape Elizabeth | Cumberland | Two Lights State Park | 3 | 0.092 | 0.090 |
230090101442011 | Bar Harbor | Hancock | Acadia NP, MacFarland Hill | 2 | 0.097 | 0.087 |
230090102442011 | Bar Harbor | Hancock | Top of Cadillac Mountain | 1 | 0.086 | 0.083 |
230112005442011 | Gardiner | Kennebec | Pray Street School | 1 | 0.087 | 0.081 |
230130004442012 | Knox | Port Clyde, Marshall Point Lighthouse | 2 | 0.099 | 0.085 | |
230173001442011 | Oxford | Route 5, North Lovell DOT | 0 | 0.083 | 0.068 | |
230194007442012 | Penobscot | Howland Seed Orchard | 0 | 0.071 | 0.065 | |
230194008442011 | Penobscot | Summit of Rider Bluff | 0 | 0.073 | 0.072 | |
230210002442011 | Greenville | Piscataquis | Greenville Muni | 0 | 0.071 | 0.064 |
230230003442011 | Sagadahoc | Navy Road | 4 | 0.097 | 0.092 | |
230252003442011 | Skowhegan | Somerset | S.D. Warren Som | 1 | 0.085 | 0.081 |
230312002442011 | Kennebunkport | York | Ocean Ave/ Parsons Way | 3 | 0.096 | 0.095 |
230313002442011 | Kitery | York | Fresbee School, Goodsoe Road | 0 | 0.084 | 0.081 |
Massachusetts 1996 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
250010002442011 | Truro | Barnstable | Fox Bottom Area | 8 | 0.110 | 0.106 |
250034002442011 | Adams | Berkshire | Mt. Greylock Summit | 2 | 0.096 | 0.085 |
250051001442011 | Easton | Bristol | North Easton Po | 1 | 0.085 | 0.078 |
250051002442011 | Fairhaven | Bristol | Leroy Wool School | 6 | 0.113 | 0.104 |
250051005442011 | Easton | Bristol | 1 Borderland St. | 3 | 0.094 | 0.087 |
250090005442011 | Lawrence | Essex | High Street, Storrow Park | 1 | 0.085 | 0.081 |
250092006442011 | Lynn | Essex | 390 Parkland Ave. (Lynn Water Treatment) | 2 | 0.091 | 0.085 |
250094004442011 | Newbury | Essex | Sunset Boulevard | 2 | 0.087 | 0.085 |
250130003442011 | Agawam | Hampden | 152 South Westfield Street, Feeding Hills | 2 | 0.087 | 0.085 |
250130008442011 | Chicopee | Hampden | Anderson Road | 3 | 0.094 | 0.094 |
250150103442011 | Amherst | Hampshire | North Pleasant St. U. Mass Pathology Dept. | 3 | 0.087 | 0.086 |
250154002442011 | Ware | Hampshire | Quabbin Summit | 4 | 0.095 | 0.093 |
250171801442011 | Sudbury | Middlesex | Water Row Rd Great Meadows Nat. Wildlife | 2 | 0.090 | 0.090 |
250174003442011 | Waltham | Middlesex | Beaver Street | 1 | 0.086 | 0.080 |
250232001442011 | Scituate | Plymouth | Scituate Police Station First Parish Rd | 0 | 0.073 | 0.067 |
250251003442011 | Chelsea | Suffolk | Powder Horn Hill | 0 | 0.075 | 0.073 |
250270015442011 | Worcester | Worcester | Worcester Airport | 0 | 0.080 | 0.078 |
New Hampshire 1996 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
330012003442011 | Laconia | Belknap | Laconia Municipal | 0 | 0.078 | 0.076 |
330031002442011 | Conway | Carroll | Kankamaugus Highway | 0 | 0.081 | 0.072 |
330050007442011 | Keene | Cheshire | Railroad Street | 1 | 0.090 | 0.084 |
330074001442011 | Coos | Mt. Washington | 0 | 0.079 | 0.077 | |
330090008442011 | Haverhill | Grafton | Haverhill Armory | 0 | 0.066 | 0.062 |
330098001442011 | Grafton | Hubbard Brook | 1 | 0.086 | 0.066 | |
330110016442011 | Manchester | Hillsborough | Harnett Park, Municipal Parking Lot | 3 | 0.092 | 0.088 |
330111010442011 | Nashua | Hillsborough | Sanders Associates Parking Lot D | 2 | 0.088 | 0.087 |
330130007442011 | Concord | Merrimack | Storrs Street | 2 | 0.088 | 0.086 |
330150009442011 | Portsmouth | Rockingham | Vaughan Street | 1 | 0.087 | 0.084 |
330150012442011 | Rye | Rockingham | Rye Harbor State Park, Ocean blvd. Rte 1A | 4 | 0.090 | 0.090 |
330173002442011 | Rochester | Stafford | Rochester Hill | 2 | 0.089 | 0.088 |
330190003442011 | Claremont | Sullivan | South Street | 1 | 0.086 | 0.083 |
Rhode Island 1996 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
440030002442011 | Kent | W. Alton Jones Campus, URI Parkerfield | 4 | 0.101 | 0.087 | |
440070012442011 | Providence | Providence | Rockefeller Library, Prospect Street | 1 | 0.085 | 0.070 |
440071010442011 | East Providence | Providence | Francis School, 64 Bourne Ave | 2 | 0.098 | 0.089 |
Vermont 1996 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
500030004442011 | Bennington | Bennington | Airport Road | 3 | 0.093 | 0.090 |
500070007442011 | Chittenden | Proctor Maple Research Farm | 1 | 0.090 | 0.068 |
Connecticut 1997 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
090010017442011 | Greenwich | Fairfield | Greenwich Point Park | 13 | 0.138 | 0.118 |
090010113442011 | Bridgeport | Fairfield | Shed Congress Street | 6 | 0.101 | 0.097 |
090011123442011 | Danbury | Fairfield | Trailer, W. Connecticut State University | 14 | 0.112 | 0.107 |
090013007442011 | Stratford | Fairfield | USCG Ligthouse Prospect Street | 17 | 0.143 | 0.123 |
090019003442011 | Westport | Fairfield | Sherwood Island State Park | 15 | 0.141 | 0.118 |
009031003442011 | East Hartford | Hartford | McAuliffee Park | 7 | 0.137 | 0.124 |
090050006442011 | Torrington | Litchfield | University Road | 9 | 0.099 | 0.098 |
090070007442011 | Middletown | Middlesex | Conn. Valley Hosp. Shew Hall Eastern | 12 | 0.145 | 0.113 |
090091123442011 | New Haven | New Haven | 715 State Street | 7 | 0.102 | 0.099 |
090093002442011 | Madison | New Haven | Hammonasset State Park | 19 | 0.151 | 0.119 |
090110008442011 | Groton | New London | University of Connecticut, Avery Point | 18 | 0.153 | 0.125 |
090131001442011 | Stafford | Tolland | Route 190, Shenipsit State Forest | 10 | 0.142 | 0.128 |
Maine 1997 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
230052003442011 | Cape Elizabeth | Cumberland | Two Lights State Park | 6 | 0.118 | 0.117 |
230090101442011 | Bar Harbor | Hancock | Acadia NP, MacFarland Hill | 1 | 0.090 | 0.081 |
230090102442011 | Bar Harbor | Hancock | Top of Cadillac Mountain | 5 | 0.095 | 0.093 |
230112005442011 | Gardiner | Kennebec | Pray Street School | 2 | 0.097 | 0.092 |
230130004442012 | Knox | Port Clyde, Marshall Point Lighthouse | 6 | 0.109 | 0.100 | |
230173001442011 | Oxford | Route 5, North Lovell DOT | 0 | 0.061 | 0.060 | |
230194008442011 | Penobscot | Summit of Rider Bluff | 0 | 0.084 | 0.077 | |
230230003442011 | Sagadahoc | Navy Road | 7 | 0.116 | 0.111 | |
230310037442011 | York | Rt 4 So. Hollis | 2 | 0.104 | 0.085 | |
230312002442011 | Kennebunkport | York | Ocean Ave/ Parsons Way | 5 | 0.119 | 0.112 |
230313002442011 | Kitery | York | Fresbee School, Goodsoe Road | 7 | 0.112 | 0.104 |
Massachusetts 1997 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
250010002442011 | Truro | Barnstable | Fox Bottom Area | 17 | 0.110 | 0.106 |
250034002442011 | Adams | Berkshire | Mt. Greylock Summit | 1 | 0.090 | 0.084 |
250051002442011 | Fairhaven | Bristol | Leroy Wool School | 12 | 0.107 | 0.106 |
250051005442011 | Easton | Bristol | 1 Borderland St. | 7 | 0.096 | 0.095 |
250090005442011 | Lawrence | Essex | High Street, Storrow Park | 2 | 0.108 | 0.088 |
250092006442011 | Lynn | Essex | 390 Parkland Ave. (Lynn Water Treatment) | 6 | 0.104 | 0.096 |
250094004442011 | Newbury | Essex | Sunset Boulevard | 6 | 0.106 | 0.104 |
250130003442011 | Agawam | Hampden | 152 South Westfield Street, Feeding Hills | 9 | 0.097 | 0.094 |
250130008442011 | Chicopee | Hampden | Anderson Road | 7 | 0.104 | 0.097 |
250150103442011 | Amherst | Hampshire | North Pleasant St. U. Mass Pathology Dept. | 2 | 0.098 | 0.092 |
250154002442011 | Ware | Hampshire | Quabbin Summit | 9 | 0.119 | 0.117 |
250171801442011 | Sudbury | Middlesex | Water Row Rd Great Meadows Nat. Wildlife | 6 | 0.106 | 0.094 |
250174003442011 | Waltham | Middlesex | Beaver Street | 6 | 0.106 | 0.095 |
250232001442011 | Scituate | Plymouth | Scituate Police Station First Parish Rd | 1 | 0.088 | 0.080 |
250251003442011 | Chelsea | Suffolk | Powder Horn Hill | 2 | 0.086 | 0.085 |
250270015442011 | Worcester | Worcester | Worcester Airport | 5 | 0.097 | 0.095 |
New Hampshire 1997 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
330012003442011 | Laconia | Belknap | Laconia Municipal | 1 | 0.087 | 0.077 |
330031002442011 | Conway | Carroll | Kankamaugus Highway | 0 | 0.084 | 0.067 |
330050007442011 | Keene | Cheshire | Railroad Street | 1 | 0.099 | 0.079 |
330074001442011 | Coos | Mt. Washington | 2 | 0.100 | 0.096 | |
330090008442011 | Haverhill | Grafton | Haverhill Armory | 0 | 0.075 | 0.066 |
330110016442011 | Manchester | Hillsborough | Harnett Park, Municipal Parking Lot | 3 | 0.098 | 0.087 |
330111010442011 | Nashua | Hillsborough | Sanders Associates Parking Lot D | 4 | 0.107 | 0.102 |
330130007442011 | Concord | Merrimack | Storrs Street | 1 | 0.098 | 0.081 |
330150009442011 | Portsmouth | Rockingham | Vaughan Street | 5 | 0.107 | 0.094 |
330150012442011 | Rye | Rockingham | Rye Harbor State Park, Ocean blvd. Rte 1A | 9 | 0.121 | 0.110 |
330173002442011 | Rochester | Stafford | Rochester Hill R | 1 | 0.108 | 0.084 |
330190003442011 | Claremont | Sullivan | South Street | 1 | 0.088 | 0.076 |
Rhode Island 1997 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
440030002442011 | Kent | W. Alton Jones Campus, URI Parkerfield | 10 | 0.106 | 0.100 | |
440070012442011 | Providence | Providence | Rockefeller Library, Prospect Street | 4 | 0.097 | 0.092 |
440071010442011 | East Providence | Providence | Francis School, 64 Bourne Ave | 3 | 0.097 | 0.091 |
440090007442011 | Narragansett | Washington | Tarwell Road | 3 | 0.097 | 0.095 |
Vermont 1997 | ||||||
Montior Id | City | County | Address | Val>.085 | Max1 Value | Max2 Value |
500030004442011 | Bennington | Bennington | Airport Road | 2 | 0.097 | 0.093 |
500070007442011 | Chittenden | Proctor Maple Research Farm | 0 | 0.075 | 0.073 |